In this movie the wave function for an electron at t=0 is proportional to exp{-[(x+50)/20]^2}exp(ix) which represents an electron localized at -50 atomic units of distance with a velocity of 1 atomic unit to positive x. One frame from the movie is given below.
1.2 Mb MPEG movie of an electron scattering from a sine modulated potential
There are the (by now) familiar features of the scattering wave function: spreading
and decrease in height due to the dispersion of the packet and the interference
when the packet starts to collide with the potential. There are two new
features. The first is that the interference pattern now extends over almost
the whole range of the potential. This is different from the packets that
scattered from the simple potentials of the previous examples. What is
the reason for the difference? The second new feature is not visible
in the movie but it is apparent when Fourier transforming the wave function:
most of the scattered wave is from velocity components near v_0=1.
This can be seen by comparing this movie to a second movie where the
initial velocity is dectreased to 0.8 atomic units.
In this movie the wave function for an electron at t=0 is proportional to exp{-[(x+50)/20]^2}exp(ix4/5) which represents an electron localized at -50 atomic units of distance with a velocity of 4/5 atomic unit to positive x. One frame from the movie is given below.
1.2 Mb MPEG movie of an electron scattering from a sine modulated potential
The only change from the movie above is that the energy has been lowered. You might expect that by lowering the energy you are going to have more scattering from the top of the barrier as in the movie from the previous page. This does not happen. There is almost no scattering in this case whereas there was a very noticeable amount of scattering at the higher energy. The reason was alluded to in the discussion above: it is only the velocity components near v=1 atomic unit that are being scattered. The wave packet in this movie has very little v=1 velocity components whereas the packet above is centered at v=1. Why is it that the v=1 components are the only ones being scattered?
This is a little model calculation to demonstrate Bragg scattering.
When the potential energy is always small compared to the kinetic energy,
the amplitude for the particle to change momentum is proportional to the
Fourier component of the potential at the wave number
equal to this change in momentum divided
by hbar. The above potential has two sharp peaks in its Fourier transform
at k=2 and -2 atomic units. The change in the electron's momentum is 2
m v when it is reflected. Using m=1 atomic unit for an electron, you should
find that the electron's velocity should be roughly 1 to be strongly reflected.
One implication is that the amount of scattering can depend
sensitively on the spatial width of the initial packet. As the
spatial width of the packet increases, the width of the momentum
distribution decreases and you can make a larger fraction of the
packet have momenta that are strongly scattered.