The CMS Experiment

To record the Universe’s tiniest constituents we need the world’s largest network of scientific instruments. The 12,500-tonne Compact Muon Solenoid experiment (CMS) in Cessy, France, uses key information about particles emerging from high-energy collisions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to unearth nature’s secrets.

 
Insertion of the tracker in the heart of the CMS detector.

 
Taking on this challenge was a leap into the unknown with size, technical precision, innovation, durability, engineering and electronics like never before. Even CMS’s method of construction was unique, with “slices” of detector weighing as much as 2000 tonnes being fully constructed on the surface then lowered 100 meters into the cavern, ready-made.

How does it work?

The LHC smashes groups of protons together at close to the speed of light: 40 million times per second and with seven times the energy of the most powerful accelerators built up to now. Many of these will just be glancing blows but some will be head on collisions and very energetic. When this happens some of the energy of the collision is turned into mass and previously unobserved, short-lived particles – which could give clues about how Nature behaves at a fundamental level - fly out and into the detector.

Each particle that emerges is like a piece of a puzzle, with some of these pieces breaking up further as they travel away from the collision. Each leaves a trace in the detector and CMS’s job is to gather up information about every one - perhaps 20, 100 or even 1000 puzzle tracks - so that physicists can put the jigsaw back together and see the full picture of what happened at the heart of the collision.
To do this, CMS consists of layers of detector material that exploit the different properties of particles to catch and measure the energy or momentum of each one. New particles discovered in CMS will be typically unstable and rapidly transform into a cascade of lighter, more stable and better-understood particles.

Slice through CMS showing particles incident on the different sub-detectors.(Click on the particles in the animation above)

A particle emerging from the collision and travelling outwards will first encounter the tracking system, made of silicon pixels and silicon strip detectors. These accurately measure the positions of passing charged particles allowing physicists to reconstruct their tracks. Charged particles follow spiraling paths in the CMS magnetic field and the curvature of their paths reveal their momenta.

The energies of the particles will be measured in the next layer of the detector, the so-called calorimeters. Electrons, photons and jets (sprays of particles produced by quarks) will all be stopped by the calorimeters, allowing their energy to be measured.
The first calorimeter layer is designed to measure the energies of electrons and photons with great precision. Since these particles interact electromagnetically, it is called an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL).

Particles that interact by the strong force, hadrons, deposit most of their energy in the next layer, the hadronic calorimeter (HCAL). The only known particles to penetrate beyond the HCAL are muons and weakly interacting particles such as neutrinos. Muons are charged particles, which are then tracked further in dedicated muon chamber detectors. Their momenta are also measured from the bending of paths in the CMS magnetic field. Neutrinos, however, are neutral and since they hardly interact at all they will escape detection. Their presence can nevertheless be inferred. By adding up the momenta of all the detected particles, and assigning the missing momentum to the neutrinos, CMS physicists will be able to tell where these particles were.

Source:
http://cms-project-cmsinfo.web.cern.ch/cms-project-cmsinfo/Detector/Work/index.html